The Age Of African American Literature - 927 Words

Wheatley was the first African American to have her work published and is known as the mother of African American literature. Wheatley was brought into slavery and she was very fortunate to have masters that allowed her to learn to read and write. In the 18th century, it was very rare to find an African American who was educated and with Whitley being a female it was even more surprising. Her vernacular was very broad and she was not timid about letting her voice be heard. In fact, you can imagine the type of women she was by reading His Excellency General Washington. Whitley’s poems mostly consist of themes that revolved around Christianity, slavery and abstract ideas which were based on her personal beliefs, experiences, and ideas. The belief that the power of poetry is immeasurable was her inspiration while writing. After reading a few poems by Whitley I realized her work is still relevant and by break down each piece of work I can find inspiration. Throughout this paper I am going to analyze Wheatley works and also find was to see how her work relates to modern times. The poem â€Å"To S.M., a Young African Painter on Seeing His Work† is one Wheatley less popular pieces of work even though it contain a very inspiring message. The way she used detailed and descriptive words in such an angelic ways was breath taking. Upon viewing the artist’s work, Wheatley was inspired and therefore wrote a poem about what she saw. The amount of enlightenment that she absorbed is expressedShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Literature Toni Morrisons Essay Black Matters667 Words   |  3 PagesAfrican American Literature Toni Morrisons Essay Black Matters In Black Matters, Toni Morrison discusses knowledge and how it seems to take on a Eurocentric standpoint. The knowledge she discusses is the traditional literature that is unshaped by the four-hundred-year-old presence of the first Africans and then African-Americans in the United States (Morrison 310). Morrison also addresses the treatment of African Americans in current society dealing with racial discourse (311), in additionRead MoreEssay on Phillis Wheatley1643 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s most profound writers, has contributed greatly to American literature, not only as a writer, but as an African American woman, who has influenced many African Americans by enriching their knowledge of and exposure to their Negro heritage and Negro literature. As one of America’s most renown writers, Wheatley, said to be the mother of African American Literature, is best known for her sympathetic portrayals of African American thought. Wheatley’s literary contributions a re vast in natureRead MoreTaking a Look at African American Poets827 Words   |  3 PagesWho continues to ring bells when African American poets are mentioned? The legends who have influenced the path in which our ancestors fought hard to obtain in past generations. Booker T. Washington, Rita Dove, Richard Wright, Zora Hurston and Langston Hughes were a few among various highly influential poets during the 1900s. One of the biggest accomplishments of blacks today is that literature has developed from these African American poets. These individuals have set a tone and path to allow writersRead MoreA New Beginning For African Americans Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesMarisa Pope EH-232 American Literature II Professor Alan Brown November 19, 2016 A New Beginning for African Americans From the 1920’s to the mid 1930’s a literary, intellectual, and artistic movement occurred that kindled the African Americans a new cultural identity. This movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance, which is also known as the â€Å"New Negro Movement†. With this movement, African Americans sought out to challenge the â€Å"Negro† stereotype that they had received from others while developingRead MoreHealth Disparities Among African Americans893 Words   |  4 Pagesadvancements in healthcare African-American men lack appropriate necessities when it comes to health care. Continuous efforts to bridge the gap among African American men with prostate cancer still remains high in the United States. Evidence shows how disproportionate this ethnic population leads in both incidence and mortality rate concerning social determinants of health, as well as health disparities. Major key factors that contribute to this health disparity among African Americans me n are low socioeconomicRead MoreYou Can t Write An Honest Novel About Race1492 Words   |  6 Pagesbook is about the immigrant’s quest: self-invention, which is  the  American subject† (Raboteau). However, no academic articles have been written about the novel. This thesis will argue that Americanah offers an outside perspective on what it means to be black in America and therefore contributes to understanding the notion of race and gender in African American literature. The first chapter will describe African American literature and the role of race and gender. The second chapter will explain postcolonialRead MoreVoices Of Freedom : Slavery s Impact On African American Literature1204 Words   |  5 Pages Voices of Freedom: Slavery’s impact on African American Literature In the early to mid-nineteenth century, America found itself divided over the issue of slavery. The culture, traditions, and economy of southern states depended heavily on slave labor, while the northern states opposed the institution of slavery. Even though the slave trade was declared illegal in the early nineteenth century, slavery itself was not illegalized until more than a half century later. Abolitionists used powerfulRead MoreAn Analysis of The Negro Speaks of Rivers Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920s and 1930s were the years of the Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance. This period of the Roaring Twenties is said to have begun around the end of the war and lasted well until the Great Depression. Partially due to the migration of more and more African Americans into the north of the United States, the national literature, arts and music movement developed into something, until then, completely new and literary modernism spread further (Perkins and Perkins 212). The 1 920s were a time ofRead MoreLiterature Analysis Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Analysis Noah Serna Western Governors University Humanities C100 January 15, 2016 Personal Observations of the Work The work of literature that I chose to do my initial observations on is a poem written by Phillis Wheatley, called â€Å"To S.M., a Young African Painter, on Seeing his Works.† This poem was written during the enlightenment period. I particularly chose this poem because I always had an interest in reading about AfricanRead MoreLiterature Review : The Great Thing About It Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pagesthe people that fill our world, some literature has been hurtful, some is beneficial to certain groups and cultures, and some is for pure entertainment. However, the great thing about it is that literature has the ability to connect any form of art through the past and present. Literature has no age and therefore can speak to generations and help enlighten future leaders of communities. No matter the topic, there is always a way to connect the piece of literature, whether that be a song, poem, or script

Notes On Family And Family - 1981 Words

family |ˈfam(É™)lÄ“| noun ( pl. families ) 1 [ treated as sing. or pl. ] a group consisting of parents and children living together in a household. Over the years, the term family has been greatly expanded from the black-and-white dictionary definition you see above. Although a traditional family is usually thought of as a two people bonded in marriage and their biological children, this is not always true. Personally, I believe that a family can be anyone who you love and support, and who loves and supports you equally. They don t necessarily have to be blood-related to you or related to you by marriage. Friends can count as family sometimes as well. A prime example of this in my life is my Uncle Sean. He s not related to any of the people in my family- in fact, he s adopted, so he isn t blood-related to anyone in his own family. However, I still consider him to be one of my closest relatives. He is a friend of my parents, and he grew up with me more than many of my biological uncles and aunts. His son is my cousin, and he is my uncle, whether or not we re technically related. There are many different kinds of families withi n the society we live in today. There is the traditional family- a man and a woman, married, with biological children between them. But there are also many different kinds of families- adoptive families, families with only one parent, families with parents of the same gender, families with both biological and adoptive children, families inShow MoreRelatedPersonal Note On Family And Family1320 Words   |  6 Pagescan describe the word family. To me family isn’t just only blood, family is someone who I can count on when times get hard. That person I can count on may not be a mother, father, brother, or sister. That person may be a teacher, coach, or a friend. Family is people who want to see someone happy in life; people who loves us and wants to see us make something out of ourselves. Family is people who can get together and have a good time and make memories. The reasons I value family is because there a supportRead MorePersonal Note On Family s Family 883 Words   |   4 PagesFamily Genogram Paper Genogram Overview My genogram contains three generations and includes the most important people in my family system. The genogram includes my grandparents on both my parent’s sides, my parents, their spouses, and siblings, and on the final row, my siblings and I. My family has been through a lot of experiences, good and bad, in our existence. Even though we are living in different areas of the country, our family bond has been unchanged. My grandparents all passed away byRead MorePersonal Note On My Family1920 Words   |  8 PagesOctober Journal Topics 10/5 My parents have had quite a number of jobs in their lifetime. My dad, when he was younger, used to work at his family restaurant as the waiter and the kitchen porter, which is someone who is in charge for general cleaning. In high school, he had a countless number of jobs. He was his school’s janitor, a brick maker, a community bus driver, an ice-cream factory worker, a pizza delivery boy, and a car inspector. He is currently a mailman and he has been working as oneRead MorePersonal Note On My Family Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pagesand began to cry. Each month, my mom’s stomach grew bigger and bigger until finally it was July. It was time for my brother to pop out. From painting the nursery to buying baby clothes, I was totally on board, ready to invite a new member into the family. His due date was July 4, 2003, but when July 5,6, and 7 rolled around we realized he was going to come late. On the morning of July 15, my mom had a doctor’s appointment. She dropped me off at my grandparents’ house beforehand. At the appointmentRead MoreNotes On Family Therapy Approaches1501 Words   |  7 PagesAlan Bradley University of Phoenix MCC/ 04/17/2015 Comparing Theories 2 Family Therapy Approaches Paper Cognitive-Behavioral, Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, and Experiential are all forms of family therapy. Each of these therapies has many similarities and differences. To choose the correct treatment to help with your family’s needs can be challenging. In this paper, we will examine theRead MoreA Brief Note On Counseling And Family Counseling1271 Words   |  6 PagesCounseling Specialty Marriage and Family Counseling Focusing on Minuchin s Structural Family Therapy Bridget G. Cleveland The University of Memphis Authors Note: This paper was prepared for the introduction course 4611: Counseling, taught by Instructor Hatcher. Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy of Marriage and Family According to Nugent and Jones (2009), Marriage and family counseling began between the 1940 s and 1950 s, but officially became a profession in the late 1970’s andRead MoreA Brief Note On Overcoming The Family Addiction974 Words   |  4 PagesOvercoming the family addiction One of the most important things a person can come to realize is that there isn’t any single path to success. Everyone has different goals that they aspire to and different ways they go about achieving those goals. One thing people misconstrue is thinking that your background is what defines your ability for success. That just simply isn t true.Your background isn t what defines you, it isn t what defines how successful you can be. My aunt overcame a family built on drugRead MoreA Brief Note On Gay And Lesbian Families874 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a family? To many people this question is easy. People that are blood related and share the same beliefs. Now a day a family is a group of people that love and care for one another. There are many different types of families in America. One of the types of families is same sex parent families. Gay and lesbian families are when two people of the same sex starting a family. Some usually were married to the opposite sex before. Most gay and lesbian couples lack legal rights to support theirRead MorePersonal Note On Brazilian Culture Family952 Words   |  4 Pageshave mentioned in previously assignements, questions like this are always tricky to answer to me, especially when involves family and country culture, since I feel like I have to describe then and now, I guess I could call it bicultural. Let me break it down into how it s generally expected and then how I actually emphasize it to myself: 1 - Family: In Brazilian culture family is the center of life for most, you are always close everyone is one everyone s business, some single people stay with theirRead MoreMy Personal Note On My Family986 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the outside looking in, my family seems like a â€Å"normal,† loving, caring family, but we aren’t. My parents can’t stand each other, so they are never together. My mom barely speaks to me; if she does, it’s just to yell at me or tell me about my faults. My sister and I have a good relationship now, but didn’t always. My dad has always been good to both my sister and I, and he and I have a semi-close relationship. The four of us have had so many problems throughout my life, but no one seems to notice

The Importance of Work in Society Free Essays

In order to maintain structure within society there are many intuitions that employed to achieve this goal. Work is an example of responsibly, discipline, and cultural awareness, qualities you will need for your future work life. First, how working teaches you responsibility, while working you have a set schedule that you have to maintain in order to be paid, so missing work means you have a lower paycheck and young teenagers love money and don’t want to miss any paychecks. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Work in Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now You are in charge of making all customers leave satisfied with a smile, if you don’t make that happen the company can have bad reviews, which can cause you to be fired. The more you the work the more you will have. Working also teaches you how to value things you have. The reason for this is that you work for the things you have saying you’re not going to work for something and let it go to waste or throw it away. Employers instruct their workers how to respect all costumers and how consumers are the reason, they are in business today, so tasks done to costumer’s satisfaction, with that being said employers drill into your head how to treat other people and how to run a successful business and that with hard work anything is possible. When you first but something with your own money you care about what, and how your money is being spent, also trains you that if what you’re is not of something of value than you really don’t need to have it. We as a community needs to teach our younger children the value of responsibility and discipline which is qualities that you need to have in your everyday life. Schools are biased on teaching you what they want you to know and not what you feel about it. So do not be ignorant to what the schools edify about values of life, learn it own your own. How to cite The Importance of Work in Society, Essay examples

Business and Corporate Law Legal Exchange of Business

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporate Law for Legal Exchange of Business. Answer: 1. (A) Issue Under this case, there is an issue related to the consideration, weather it present or not in the agreement. Under this situation, lotus super 7 sports car is offer by Jane to Jack, because Jane is going to overseas. The market value of car is $25000. But there is no information related to price, at which car is offered to Jack. Jack accepts this offer without any information about the consideration. Rule: Consideration is a term, in which price is asked by the party in the exchange for promise. Consideration is an essential element to form a legal contract. In every agreement, consideration can be anything of value, under which each party legally exchanges something, if the contract is valid. If one party offers something without consideration than contract is not legally enforceable (ACL, 2016). In every contract, consideration must be sufficient by not necessary to adequate. Application: In the case Beaton v McDivitt (1987) 13 NSWLR 162, McDivitt owned a land and he gave some part of land to Beaton, where he can live and work. In the given case, there is an argument that promise of McDivitt shall be enforced. According to the Australian contract law, government held this contract void, because Beaton did not make any action, which can be consider as his consideration in the exchange for the promise of McDivitts promise (Unistudy Guides, 2016). Under the Australian contact law, it follows the principal of Quid pro quo, which states for this for that that means some value is necessary to make any agreement legally enforceable that can be monetary or non monetary. In the present case, Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack without any information of price. Market value of this car is around $ 25000. Jack accepts this offer without any delay. For legally binding in any contract, consideration is necessary (Inc, 2013). Conclusion: On the basis of the above principals of consideration, the agreement between the Jane and Jack is void. Without any consideration an agreement, Jack cannot enforce this contract in the court of law. (B) Issue: In this case, Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack for $ 25000. This case is also related examination of presence of consideration between Jane and Jack. Under this case, Jack accepts the offer. The market value of this car is same $ 25000. Rule: If any person wants promise to enforce, there must be something given in the exchange of the promise. Consideration can move from the promissee to the promisor. Past consideration, which exists in the agreement, is not a contract according to the Australian contract act. In any legally binding agreement consideration must be sufficient but not adequate (Contract law, 2016). Application: As per rules in above discussion, consideration is the relevant factor to make a legal agreement. For example, John backed into Allens car and damaging it. John is liable to pay for damages, but he doesnt have money right now to pay Allen. While Allen can sue John for damages to his car, John enter in an agreement to give him full payment $1500 in 90 days with the addition compensatory amount $250. This agreement states that Allen will not sue John before the maturity period, but he is free to sue after the maturity period (Legal dictionary, 2016). In this situation, consideration is provided by both the parties. So, this agreement is valid in the eyes of law. In the present case, there is proper consideration between both Jane and Jack. Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $ 25000 and Jack accepts this offer. so there is valid legal agreement between both parties (Australian government, 2016). Conclusion: As per the above principals and rules of consideration, Contract between the Jane and Jack is valid, because there is proper consideration and acceptance in the agreement, where one party offer something and other accept the proposal with a value. So in the given case, Jack can enforce the contract as per the Australian contract law. (C) Issue: In the given case, Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack for $2500. Under the given case it has to be finding out, whether consideration is present or not in the given case. Jack accepts this offer with the given information. Rule: In every agreement, consideration must be sufficient doesnt mean adequacy of consideration. According to the Australian contract act, consideration is not necessary to be always in monetary terms, it can be in non monetary factor such as love and affection. For agreement to be valid, it must have some value. In other words, one party must give benefit to other party or detriment under the contract (e-lawresources, 2016). Consideration must not be in the past because past consideration agreement is void in the eyes of law. If A promises B, to sell his house worth $ 50000 for $5 than this would be an inadequate consideration. Inadequate consideration is not void. Application: In the case Thomas v Thomas, 1842 2 QB 851, 114 ER 330, John Thomas, orally expresses his desire to his wife before dying, to have the house as a residence. After the death, executors of defunct resources allowed his widow to live one of his houses as long as she remains widow (US legal, 2016). Widow of the deceased paying $1 annually as a rent and keep the house tenantable repair. There is an issue accrue that appellant refused to complete the conveyance, because the lacking of consideration. Under this case, Australian court held that agreement between the executors and Ms Thomas is valid, because consideration must have some value in the eyes of law no need to be adequate (Case brief, 2016). In the present case, Jane offers her sports car to Jack in $2500 that is valid contract, because there is a consideration which has benefited to each party. Conclusion: As discussed in above paragraphs, Australian court concluded the case that agreement between the Jane and Jack is valid agreement. There must be consideration exist in any agreement in the eyes of law that is not necessary it must be adequate (Liu and McKendrick, 2015). So, the consideration exists between Jane and Jack. 2. ISSUE: A Shipbuilder enters into a contract with North Ocean Tankers to build tankers. The contract is in US dollars and does not contain any provision for currency fluctuations. But during midway of the construction of ship, the currency devaluated by 10 percent and shipbuilder demanded extra US$3 million, otherwise it will not carry out further work of construction of ship. The North Ocean tanker reluctantly agrees to pay the amount, because it has already hired a charter and also had to deliver the tanker on time (Gibson and Fraser, 2013). Furthermore, in this case the issue is that whether buyer will succeed in recovering the amount after 9 months of completion of contract or not. Rules: The above case comes under the law of duress. As per, Australian Contract law, Duress is defined as a contract law, where a person enters into a contact because of some threat or illegitimate pressure. In previous days, the court has only recognized the threat of physical violence but in present times, it has also recognized in various contracts, which gives rise to a valid claim. Duress exercises at common law. The basis of duress is that it contains a vitiating factor which includes absence of free consent (Latimer, 2012). Pressure which is not included in duress, gives rise to an action that includes under undue influence in equity. The contract is said to be voidable under duress an under influence contract law. The plaintiff may cancel the contract or may claim for damages. Duress to person: When a person enters into a contract because of threat of physical violence, it is considered as duress to person (Twomey, et al., 2016). In this case, the contract is set aside by the court providing that threat was the reason of entering into the contract. Duress to goods: It includes threat to damage property. Duress to goods also includes detaining of property by one party wrongfully. Economic duress: Economic duress is another important type of duress in contract law, which is most commonly found in commercial contract disputes. It occurs, when one party to contract made unfair economic pressure on other party to follow the terms of the contract. Economic duress includes existence of continuous contract between plaintiff and defendant. There is also of free consent of party. Furthermore, it also included damages to financial interest of someone or threats which are illegitimate. The main factor to be considered in economic duress is that whether plaintiff had adequate or practical alternative or not (Erbacher, 2012). The practical or reasonable alternative means that it must be adequate for the claimant/ plaintiff purpose in that running/ given situation. For example, In a particular situation, if the plaintiff had acquired goods and services at reasonable price from another alternative easily, then court considers it as reasonable alternative and it does not comes under economic duress, as it is not done under illegitimate pressure of someone. Elements of economic duress: Examples of elements of economic duress include Illegitimacy of pressure or wrongful threat on the plaintiff, non- availability of reasonable alternative to plaintiff, and the threat which forces or induces the plaintiff to enter into the contract. There are various factors, which are to be considered by the court before providing claim to the plaintiff, which includes unavailability of reasonable claim to the plaintiff. In addition to this, it is also considered by the court that whether plaintiff had protested at the time of signing of contract and also whether the duress is the main reason behind agreeing to the conditions of defendant. Furthermore, it is also considered that whether defendant act was in bad faith or not (Sweet and Scheneier, 2012). If the above conditions are present in a particular contract, then it successfully proves to be the case of economic duress and court gives the right to plaintiff to recover the money which is paid by him under illegitimate pressure. Application: North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron)[1979] In this case, defendant agrees to build a ship for the claimants for a certain price. The price of contract is in US dollars. After the formation of contract by both the parties, the value of US dollars goes down by 10%. The condition was made by the defendant that the claimant has to pay the additional 10% amount on the contractual price to carry out the further construction work of ship. The plaintiff agrees to pay the extra amount to defendant without any protest as they already hired charter to carry out the work. After 8 months of the delivery of the ship, claimant brings an action to recover the amount which was paid by him (Turner, 2014). The decision was held by the court of appeal that contract was voidable for duress and claimant has no right to recover the amount because claimant takes too long to bring their application for claim. In the given case, the buyer is commercially compelled to pay US$3 million. Even though the contract between them does not contains any such pr ovision, so the there was legal ground on which demand was made. This case contains economic duress as ship builder is causing financial distress to the buyer. Conclusion: The plaintiff (North Ocean Tanker) under the given case has no right to recover the excess amount because it took too long time (9months) to bring claim in the court of law. So it lost legal rights to recover the excess amount which was paid by them. Because as per above case North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction Ltd, the judgment was made by the court of appeal that claimant has lost his right to claim the excess amount (Kang, et al., 2016). Reference ACL (2016) Overview of Australian contract law. [Online]. Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law.html (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Australian government (2016) what is valid consideration. [online]. Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/Policy-Topics/Business/Small-Business/Legal-Topics/Contracts/Agreement-making/Valid-consideration (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Burrows, A. (2012) A Restatement of the English Law of Unjust Enrichment. UK: OUP Oxford. Case brief (2016) Thomas v Thomas. [online]. Available at: https://casebrief.me/casebriefs/thomas-v-thomas/ (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Contract law (2016) Consideration. [Online]. Available at: https://contractlaw.yolasite.com/consideration.php (Accessed: 23 August 2016). e-lawresources (2016) contract consideration. [online]. Available at: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Consideration.php (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Erbacher, S. (2012) Australian Restitution Law. UK: Routledge. Gibson, A. and Fraser, D. (2013) Business Law. Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU. Inc, I. (2013) Australia Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws. USA: Int'l Business Publications. Kang, J.Y., Kim, S., Murphy, H. and Tenold, S. (2016) British financial, managerial and technical assistance in establishing the global shipbuilding giant, Hyundai Heavy Industries. International Journal of Maritime History, 28(1), pp.81-101. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law. Australia: CCH Australia Limited. Legal dictionary (2016) what is consideration. [Online]. Available at: https://legaldictionary.net/consideration/ (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Liu, Q., and McKendrick, E. (2015) Contract Law: Australian Edition. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Stone, R. and Devenney, J. (2014) Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law.UK: Routledge. Sweet, J. and Schneier, M. (2012) Legal Aspects of Architecture, Engineering and the Construction Process.9th edn. US: Cengage Learning. Turner, C. (2014) Unlocking Contract Law. 4thedn. UK: Routledge. Twomey, D., Jennings, M. and Greene, S.(2016) Business Law: Principles for Today's Commercial Environment.5thedn. US: Cengage Learning. Unistudy Guides (2016) Beaton v McDivitt. [Online]. Available at: https://www.unistudyguides.com/wiki/Beaton_v_McDivitt (Accessed: 23 August 2016). US legal (2016) Adequate consideration law legal definition. [online]. Available at: https://definitions.uslegal.com/a/adequate-consideration/ (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Virgo, G. (2015) The Principles of the Law of Restitution. USA: Oxford University Press.

Policing Styles free essay sample

In order to deal with a vast and varying array of problems and situations in the line of duty, the police department employs a multitude of operational strategies. Also they can employ a series of specialized strategies and techniques for more detailed and complex investigations which would take place over a longer period of time. A few examples of core police strategies include: preventative patrol, aggressive patrol, and directed patrol. Preventative patrol is defined as an attempt to stop crimes before they happen. (This can be implemented through several strategies such as a beat cop keeping an eye out for trouble whether he’s – or she – is on foot, bike, or horse.) Aggressive patrol can be seen whenever the police cracks down on a suspects and arrests them for their wrongdoing. Directed patrol, however, keeps the police patrol time centered in high crime areas and neighborhoods. When it comes to the style of policing, you must first take a look at the different situations that a police officer might come upon. We will write a custom essay sample on Policing Styles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In crowd control, a police officer would want to use preventative patrol. Doing this would mean that he is keeping an eye out for any troublemakers and would be able to take care of them quickly if anything should happen. (This would also put the crowd at ease, as he wouldn’t be aggressive towards those who weren’t causing trouble.) In arresting a suspect/apprehending an offender, the police officer would want to use aggressive patrol as he would need to crack down on him before he could do anything else wrong. In other words, he wouldn’t want to be passive about someone doing something wrong and would want to take action. Helping someone in need would be considered a form of directed patrol, as the officer would have his attention focused solely on who needed his help. (Thus, his attention wouldn’t be directed elsewhere.) Community policing is defined as a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. In theory this means that the police and the community work together and become partners to keep the crime in a neighborhood down. If anyone in the community sees anything that could be considered suspicious activity from anyone in the neighborhood, they would call the police and the  police would take a look into it. It’s a benefit for the community because they know that they have the backing of the local police department if anything happened and it’s a benefit for the police because it shows that the community trusts them to do their jobs.

An Introduction to Virtue Ethics

An Introduction to Virtue Ethics â€Å"Virtue ethics† describes a certain philosophical approach to questions about morality. It is a way of thinking about ethics that is characteristic of ancient Greek and Roman philosophers, particularly Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.   But it has become popular again since the later part of the 20th century due to the work of thinkers like Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, and Alasdair MacIntyre. The Central Question of Virtue Ethics How should I live?   This has a good claim to being the most fundamental question that you can put to yourself.   But philosophically speaking, there is another question that perhaps has to be answered first: namely, How should I decide how to live? There are several answers available within the Western philosophical tradition:   The religious answer:  God has given us a set of rules to follow. These are laid out in scripture (e.g. the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, the Koran). The right way to live is to follow these rules. That is the good life for a human being.Utilitarianism: This is the view that what matters most in the world in the promotion of happiness and the avoidance of suffering.   So the right way to live is, in a general way, to try to promote the most happiness you can, both your own and that of other people– especially those around you–while trying to avoid causing pain or unhappiness.Kantian ethics: The great German philosopher Immanuel Kant argues that the basic rule we should follow is neither â€Å"Obey God’s laws,† nor â€Å"Promote happiness.† Instead, he claimed that the fundamental principle of morality is something like: Always act in the way that you could honestly want everyone to act if they were in a similar situation. Anyone who abides by this rule, he claims, will be behaving with complete consistency and rationality, and they will unfailingly do the right thing. What all three approaches have in common is that they view morality as a matter of following certain rules. There are very general, fundamental rules, like â€Å"Treat others as you’d like to be treated,† or â€Å"Promote happiness.† And there are lots of more specific rules that can be deduced from these general principles: e.g. â€Å"Don’t bear false witness,† or â€Å"Help the needy.† The morally good life is one lived according to these principles; wrongdoing occurs when the rules are broken. The emphasis is on duty, obligation, and the rightness or wrongness of actions. Plato and Aristotle ‘s way of thinking about morality had a different emphasis. They also asked: How should one live? But took this question to be equivalent to What kind of person does one want to be? That is, what sort of qualities and character traits are admirable and desirable. Which should be cultivated in ourselves and others? And which traits should we seek to eliminate? Aristotles Account of Virtue In his great work, the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle offers a detailed analysis of the virtues that has been enormously influential and is the starting point for most discussions of virtue ethics. The Greek term that is usually translated as â€Å"virtue† is arà ªte.  Speaking generally, arà ªte is a kind of excellence. It is a quality that enables a thing to perform its purpose or function. The sort of excellence in question can be specific to particular kinds of thing. For instance, the main virtue of a racehorse is to be fast; the main virtue of a knife is to be sharp. People performing specific functions also require specific virtues: e.g. a competent accountant must be good with numbers; a soldier needs to be physically brave. But there are also virtues that it is good for any human being to possess, the qualities that enable them to live a good life and to flourish as a human being. Since Aristotle thinks that what distinguishes human beings from all other animals is our rationality, the good life for a human being is one in which the rational faculties are fully exercised. These include things like the capacities for friendship, civic participation, aesthetic enjoyment, and intellectual enquiry. Thus for Aristotle, the life of a pleasure-seeking couch potato is not an example of the good life. Aristotle distinguishes between the intellectual virtues, which are exercised in the process of thinking, and the moral virtues, which are exercised through action.   He conceives of a moral virtue as a character trait that it is good to possess and that a person displays habitually.   This last point about habitual behavior is important.   A generous person is one who is routinely generous, not just generous occasionally. A person who only keeps some of their promises does not have the virtue of trustworthiness. To really have the virtue is for it to be deeply ingrained in your personality. One way to achieve this is to keep practicing the virtue so that it becomes habitual. Thus to become a truly generous person you should keep performing generous actions until generosity just comes naturally and easily to you; it becomes, as one says, â€Å"second nature.† Aristotle argues that each moral virtue is a sort of mean lying between two extremes. One extreme involves a deficiency of the virtue in question, the other extreme involves possessing it to excess. For example, Too little courage cowardice; too much courage recklessness. Too little generosity stinginess; too much generosity extravagance. This is the famous doctrine of the â€Å"golden mean.†Ã‚   The â€Å"mean,† as Aristotle understands it is not some sort of mathematical halfway point between the two extremes; rather, it is what is appropriate in the circumstances. Really, the upshot of Aristotle’s argument seems to be that any trait we consider a virtue as to be exercised with wisdom. Practical wisdom (the Greek word is phronesis), although strictly speaking an intellectual virtue, turns out to be absolutely key to being a good person and living a good life. Having practical wisdom means being able to assess what is required in any situation. This includes knowing when one should follow a rule and when one should break it. And it calls into play knowledge, experience, emotional sensitivity, perceptiveness, and reason. The Advantages of Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics certainly didn’t die away after Aristotle. Roman Stoics like Seneca and Marcus Aurelius also focused on character rather than abstract principles. And they, too, saw moral virtue as constitutive of the good life– that is, being a morally good person is a key ingredient of living well and being happy.   No-one who lacks virtue can possibly be living well, even if they have wealth, power, and lots of pleasure. Later thinkers like Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and David Hume (1711-1776) also offered moral philosophies in which the virtues played a central role.   But it is fair to say that virtue ethics took a back seat in the 19th and 20th centuries. The revival of virtue ethics in the mid-late 20th century was fueled by dissatisfaction with rule-oriented ethics, and a growing appreciation of some of the advantages of an Aristotelian approach. These advantages included the following. Virtue ethics offers a broader conception of ethics in general.  It doesn’t see moral philosophy as confined to working out which actions are right and which actions are wrong. It also asks what constitutes well-being or human flourishing. We may not have a duty to flourish in the way we have a duty not to commit murder; but questions about well-being are still legitimate questions for moral philosophers to address.It avoids the inflexibilities of rule-oriented ethics.  According to Kant, for instance, we must always and in every circumstance obey his fundamental principle of morality, his â€Å"categorical imperative.† This led him to conclude that one must never tell a lie or break a promise.   But the morally wise person is precisely the one who recognizes when the best course of action is to break the normal rules. Virtue ethics offers rules of thumb, not iron rigidities.Because it is concerned with character, with what kind of person one is, virtue ethics pay s more attention to our inner states and feelings as opposed to focusing exclusively on actions. For a utilitarian, what matters is that you do the right thing–that is, you promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number (or follow a rule that is justified by this goal).   But as a matter of fact, this is not all we care about. It matters why someone is generous or helpful or honest. The person who is honest simply because they think being honest is good for their business is less admirable that the person who is honest through and through and would not cheat a customer even if they could be sure that no one would ever find them out. Virtue ethics has also opened the door to some novel approaches and insights pioneered by feminist thinkers who argue that traditional moral philosophy has emphasized abstract principles over concrete interpersonal relationships. The early bond between mother and child, for instance, could be one of the essential building blocks of moral life, providing both an experience and an example of loving care for another person. Objections to Virtue Ethics Needless to say, virtue ethics has its critics. Here are a few of the most common criticisms leveled against it. â€Å"How can I flourish?† is really just a fancy way of asking â€Å"What will make me happy?†Ã‚   This may be a perfectly sensible question to ask, but it really isn’t a moral question. It’s a question about one’s self-interest. Morality, though, is all about how we treat other people. So this expansion of ethics to include questions about flourishing takes moral theory away from its proper concern.Virtue ethics by itself can’t really answer any particular moral dilemma. It doesn’t have the tools to do this. Suppose you have to decide whether or not to tell a lie in order to save your friend from being embarrassed. Some ethical theories provide you with real guidance.   But virtue ethics doesn’t. It just says, â€Å"Do what a virtuous person would do† which isn’t much use.Morality is concerned, among other things, with praising and blaming people for how they behave.   But what sort of character a person has is to quite a large extent a matter of luck.   People have a natural temperament: either brave or timid, passionate or reserved, confident or cautious. It is hard to alter these inborn traits. Moreover, the circumstances in which a person is raised is another factor that shapes their moral personality but which is beyond their control.   So virtue ethics tends to bestow praise and blame on people for just being fortunate. Naturally, virtue ethicists believe they can answer these objections. But even the critics who put them forward would probably agree that the revival of virtue ethics in recent times has enriched moral philosophy and broadened its scope in a healthy way.

Supreme Court Week 6 #12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supreme Court Week 6 #12 - Essay Example If precedence has been established, the Court is unlikely to change precedence. This is not to say that this never happens. Precedence is sometimes overturned as the make-up of the court changes and the interpretation of the Constitution changes over the years. The next idea is that of the judicial conference. This is an even t when all of the Federal justices get together and talk about things. The conference was established in 1922 and is made up of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court and a justice from each of the circuit courts. The purpose of this conference is to establish rules that Federal justices are to follow. The rules are largely procedural, but they can affect which cases the Supreme Court hears. A final way to filter cases is by looking back at the published opinions of Supreme Court justices and other federal judges. An opinion gives insight into why a judge ruled the way she did. This can be used to justify bringing a case to the Supreme Court if the opinion shows the ruling to be very narrow or biased in some